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翻訳と辞書　辞書検索 [ 開発暫定版 ] スポンサード リンク Austrian walled towns ： ウィキペディア英語版 Austrian walled towns Walled towns in Austria started to appear in the 11th century. Their establishment was closely connected with the development of Austria as a march of the Holy Roman Empire and in particular by the Stauffenberg Emperors and their Marcher Lords, the Babenbergs.〔Monika Porsche: Stadtmauer und Stadtentstehung - Untersuchungen zur frühen Stadtbefestigung im mittelalterlichen Deutschen Reich. - Hertingen, 2000, for evidence of the earliest walled towns of the Holy Roman Empire in the Rhinelands.〕 In present-day Austria, there are 106 towns or cities that were walled.〔Klaar, A. “Burgenkarte” Ausstellung Romanische Kunst in Oesterreich. Krems, 1964, pp. 276–282〕 The walls of Radstadt, Freiburg, Hainburg and Drosendorf survive almost intact, and Austria has some of the most impressive walled towns in Europe.〔http://www.stadtmauerstaedte.at/〕 Other cities or towns such as Vienna, Salzburg and St Pölten have had their defences almost completely obliterated. In Austria, the procedure for granting civic status or creating a ''Stadt'' was relatively simple. Initially, a local lord or official ministerialis could petition for market rights or ''Marktrect''. At that point, the town would be laid out by a surveyor and it would have been surrounded by an earthen-banked enclosure surmounted with a vertical wooden palisade. Often a stone gatehouse or ''Tor'' would be built for the collection of custom dues from traders coming to the market. When a town was granted a charter or borough status (''Stadtrect''), in most cases, a wall was being built, or provision for its construction and financing were included in the charter.〔Cord Meckseper ''Kleine Kunstgeschichte die Deutschen Stadt im Mittelalter'', Darmstadt, 1982, provides a useful guide to "Stadt" formation, particularly pp 65-88, which surveys the Stauffenberg foundations〕 ==Types of town wall and layout== 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Austrian walled towns」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク 翻訳と辞書 : 翻訳のためのインターネットリソース Copyright(C) kotoba.ne.jp 1997-2016. All Rights Reserved.